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Supplementary material The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at: Glossary ACO acyl coenzyme A oxidase AMPK adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase ANCOVA analysis of covariance aP2 adipose-specific fatty acid-binding protein ARR absolute risk reduction BAT brown adipose tissue BMI body mass index BSH bile salt hydrolase CFU colony-forming unit Chol cholesterol ChREBP carbohydrate-responsive element-binding protein CI confidence interval CPT-Ia carnitine palmitoyltransferase Ia ELISA enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay FBG fasting blood glucose FBS fasting blood sugar FBP2 fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase isozyme 2 FFAs free fatty acids FFAR3 free fatty acid receptor 3 FFAR2 free fatty acid receptor 2 FIAF fasting-induced adipose factor FOS fructo-oligosaccharide FXR farnesoid X receptor GLP-1 glucagon-like peptide-1 GLP-2 glucagon-like peptide-2 GPR41 G protein-coupled receptor 41 GPR43 G protein-coupled receptor 43 GPCRs G protein-coupled receptors HC hip circumference HDL-C high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol HMG-CoA hydroxymethylglutaryl CoA reductase HOMA-IR homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance HSL hormone-sensitive lipase IGF-1 insulin-like growth factor 1 IPAQ-SF International Physical Activity Questionnaire-Short Form ITT intention-to-treat LDL-C low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol LPL lipoprotein lipase LPS lipopolysaccharide METs metabolic equivalent of tasks NF-B nuclear factor kappa B NHLBI National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute NNT number needed to treat NSAIDs non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs OTC over the counter PC percent of changes PCK1 phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase PDHC pyruvate dehydrogenase complex PPAR- peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma PGC-1 peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator 1 PYY peptide YY QUICKI quantitative insulin sensitivity check index RAS random allocation software RCT randomized clinical trial REE resting energy expenditure SCFAs short-chain fatty acids SD standard deviation SREBP sterol regulatory element-binding protein TC total cholesterol TG triglyceride TGR5 Takeda G protein-coupled bile acid receptor 5 TLR-LPS Toll-like receptor-LPS TLR4 Toll-like receptor 4 UCP-1 uncoupling protein-1 VLDL very low-density lipoprotein WAT white adipose tissue WC waist circumference WHR waist to hip ratio References 1 BleichSNCutlerDMurrayCAdamsA

L-Carnitine is actually a transport molecule responsible for transporting fatty acids to the mitochondria to be metabolized, which theoretically means a reduction in its bodily levels could compromise the bodys ability to metabolize fatty acids perhaps increasing the likelihood they end up stored on the liver

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