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Heres how they work together: Folates role: Dietary folate converts to 5-MTHF (active folate) via the MTHFR enzyme 5-MTHF donates a methyl group to homocysteine This requires B12 as a cofactor for the enzyme methionine synthase The result: homocysteine converts to methionine B12s role: B12 (as methylcobalamin) acts as a cofactor for methionine synthase It helps transfer the methyl group from 5-MTHF to homocysteine Without adequate B12, folate gets trapped and cant donate its methyl group This is called the methyl trap What happens when one is deficient: Low B12 with adequate folate: Folate cant function properly (methyl trap) Homocysteine rises despite good folate levels Methylation slows down Can mask B12 deficiency symptoms initially Low folate with adequate B12: Not enough methyl groups available for donation Homocysteine rises Methylation impaired DNA synthesis affected Both low: Severe methylation impairment Very high homocysteine Anemia (megaloblastic) Neurological damage risk Why MTHFR mutations affect this partnership: With MTHFR mutations: Your body cant efficiently convert folate to 5-MTHF This creates a bottleneck in the methylation cycle Even with adequate B12, you dont have enough active folate to work with it Result: elevated homocysteine, poor methylation The solution: Bypass the MTHFR bottleneck by taking pre-methylated folate (5-MTHF) that doesnt require conversion

its availability for NAD + synthesis can be partially controlled by modulation of purine nucleotide phosphorylase (PNP), which plays a role in purine salvage pathways where purine bases are recycled into nucleotides 24 and in metabolism of the NAD + precursor nicotinamide riboside (NR) 25

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J Alzheimers Dis