transdermal melanotan An overview of benefits and risks of chronic melanocortin‐1 receptor activation Melanotan

Key functional ingredients include: Glutathione : Supports cellular antioxidant activity, detoxification pathways, and immune health

Vitamin E acts as an antioxidant and low levels are associated with an increased risk of developing cataracts

At the cellular level, studies using the oxygen-induced retinopathy model (OIR) in mice have demonstrated the effects of ischaemia in the central vessel free or avascular zone of the inner retina, causing hypoxia-induced cell death to cells residing there, consisting of bipolar, amacrine and horizontal neurons, and Mller glial cells 9,12

Metabolite research has concentrated almost exclusively on lignans, with triterpenoids and volatile oils remaining underexplored