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Hypoxia and immunosuppressive factors in the TME can impair DC function, whereas autophagy maintains DC activity through multiple mechanisms: on one hand, it degrades senescent mitochondria and damaged proteins within DCs, preserving energy homeostasis and reducing ROS-induced apoptosis to safeguard DC numbers

However, glutathione levels decline with age, stress, toxicity, chronic inflammation, and poor nutrition

3.5 Regulatory mechanisms of ferroptosis in IBD Indeed, the molecular mechanisms of ferroptosis are diverse, and several transcription factors (e.g., TP53, NFE2L2/NRF2, ATF3, ATF4, YAPTAZTFAP2CSPHIFAEPAS/HIFA BACH TFEBJUNHIC1, and HNF4A) play multiple roles through transcription-dependent or transcription-independent mechanisms play multiple roles in shaping ferroptosis susceptibility (28)

Presently, effective therapy for TBI patients is not available, mainly because of the limited understanding of the crosstalk between the multiple pathways involved in acute and chronic phases of the injury [1]