Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is considered as a potential receptor for LPS, and activates by an adaptor protein, such as myeloid differentiation factor 88 (Myd88)
Nothing is visible in the plot at this stage, because with no change in membrane potential, the data form a single pixel
Once c-Met receptors are occupied, additional Dihexa doesn't produce proportional cognitive gains
Abbreviations 3-HK: 3- Hydroxy kynurenine 6-OHDA: 6-Hydroxy dopamine AchR: Aryl hydrocarbon receptor AMPA: Alpha-amino-3 hydroxy-5 methyl -4 isoxazole propionic acid AP5: (2R)-amino-5-phosphonopentanoate ALK5: Activin-like kinase 5 ATP: Adenosine triphosphate BBB: Blood-brain barrier BDNF: Brain-derived neurotrophic factor BCL-2: B-cell lymphoma 2 BAD: Bcl-2-associated death promoter CSF: Cerebrospinal fluid COX: Cyclooxygenase CNS: Central nervous system CNQX: 6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione DCX: Doublecortin EAE: Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis FGF21: Fibroblast growth factor GABA: G-aminobutyric acid GAD: Glutamic acid decarboxylase GABA-T: GABA-transaminase GM: Gut microbiota GPX4: Glutathione peroxidase GFAP: Glial fibrillary acidic protein HIF-1: Hypoxia-inducible factor-1 IDO: Indoleamine -2,3-dioxygenase IGF1: Insulin growth factor KP: Kynurenine Pathway Iba-1: Ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 KYN: Kynurenine KMO: Kynurenine -3- Monooxygenase KAT: Kynurenine aminotransferase KA: Kainic acid MT2: Murine macrophage m-NBA: M-Nitrobenzoyl-alanine mtDNA: Mitochondrial DNA mGLURs: Metabotropic GLU receptors mRNA: Messenger RNA MTT: 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide, MRI: Magnetic resonace imaging NAD + : Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide NMDA: N-methyl-D-aspartate NAMN: Nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyltransferase NLRP3: NOD- receptor protein 3 NO: Nitric oxide Nrf2: Nuclear factor erythroid-related factor 2 NFTs: Neurofibrillary tangles OXPHOS: Oxidative phosphorylation PARP: Poly-ADP ribose polymerase PD: Parkinsons disease PUMA: P53 upregulated modulator of apoptosis QPRT: Quinolinate phosphoribosyl transferase SSADH: Semi aldehyde dehydrogenase SE: Status epilepticus SNARE: Soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment receptor SIRT: Sirtuin 1 SCFAs: Short chain fatty acids TRP: Tryptophan TDO: TRP 2,3-dioxygenase TLR: Toll like receptor TCA: Tricarboxylic acid TGF-: Transforming growth factor- VGLUTs: Vesicular GLU transporters References Akyuz E, Polat AK, Eroglu E, Kullu I, Angelopoulou E, Paudel YN (2021) Revisiting the role of neurotransmitters in epilepsy: An updated review
